Prescription Drug Abuse And The Treatment Of Attention...

Prescription drug abuse has been around since doctors started prescribing medication, but widespread prescription drug abuse and addiction has only surfaced in the last 20 years or so. Unfortunately because these drugs are continued to be abuse widely, there are concerns for physicians who are legitimately prescribing these medications to patients who truly need them. However there are doctors who recklessly prescribe these drugs to unknowing patients who form addictions to them. Prescription medications commonly abused include opioids often prescribed to treat pain, central nervous system depressants used to treat anxiety, and stimulants used for the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) as well as some sleeping disorders. OxyContin, a widely abused prescription opioid was synthesized from thebaine, an organic chemical found in opium. Oxycodone was synthesized in 1916 in Frankfurt, Germany in Bayer Pharmaceutical labs shortly after the company stopped the mass production of heroin. Oxycodone was hoped to contain the strong analgesic affects of morphine and heroin with less dependence. Oxycodone clinical trials began in 1917 and the drug was introduced on the market in May of 1939. In 1969 the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime classified oxycodone as a dangerous drug as part of The Dangerous Drug (Amendment) Ordinance. Oxycodone is classified as a Schedule II narcotic under the United StatesShow MoreRelatedAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1218 Words   |  5 Pages ADHD; No Longer Childhood Disorder Dawon Kim Columbia College April 28, 2014 Abstract Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, shortly called ADHD is a psychological condition that begins in early childhood; however, a lot of children with ADHD often go unrecognized or undertreated because of doctors with little experience with the disorder. Therefore, it frequently persists into adulthood. It is now known that these conditions continue into adulthood for about 60% of children withRead MoreGiving Children ADHD Medication1657 Words   |  7 PagesAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a psychiatric disorder that causes children to have problems with paying attention, trouble with following instructions, have impulsive behaviors and become easily distracted. 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Although it seems that ADHD is a socially constructed disorder rather than a valid neurobiological disorder, PharmaceuticalRead MoreThe Ethics of Giving Children ADHD Medication1642 Words   |  7 PagesAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a psychiatric disorder that causes children to have problems with paying attention, trouble with following instructions, have impulsive behaviors and become easily distracted. Medications, such as Adderall and Ritalin, are used to treat the symptoms of this disorder by helping the patient to focus and pay attention while also curbing their impulsive behavior and hyperactivity. 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ADD/ADHD has been a more recent diagnosis, used mostly in children, describing symptoms of learning disabilities or the inability to focus on tasks. The first article presented is an informational article discussing the potential causes of the disorder. Also consideredRead MoreCentral Nervous System Stimulant: Ritalin Essay1549 Words   |  7 Pagesmethylphenidate. Ritalin is a mild central nervous system stimulant that doctors prescribe to treat several disorders. The most common use of Ritalin is for the treatment of Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Another known use of Ritalin is in the treatment of Narcolepsy. A doctor might also prescribe it to treat depression. Ritalin and other drugs in the stimulant class, work by increasing the neurotransmitters dopa mine and serotonin in the brain.Read MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder: To Medicate or Not to Medicate?2369 Words   |  10 Pageslucrative then the prescription medication industry. New drugs turn up everyday and claim to treat more and more conditions. On the corner of every block is a pharmacy and their shelves are stocked with prescription medications and it seems they are here to stay. The question is, to medicate or not to medicate? Most regularly we turn to prescription drugs for everything from acne to severe back pain. The condition known as Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) is no different. ADHD is a behavioralRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd ) Essay1522 Words   |  7 Pages Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is on the rise. ADHD is classified as a neurological disorder that develops during childhood and can persist into adulthood. There has been conflicted arguments among Doctors, Scientist, Teachers and parents on the topic of ADHD. ADHD is starting to become one of the most diagnosed disorders among children. It is also said that over the past several years adult ADHD is more common. However, some children may not go on to have ADHD or the symptoms may change

World Trade Organisation Free Essays

string(154) " time to restructure their textiles and agriculture while the LDCs having been forced to restructure, are told to persevere the pains thereof for a time\." The WTO TRIPS traces its origins from the 1994 General Agreement on Trade Tariffs (GATT) Uruguay Rounds which proposed its existence. The TRIPS in essence spells out the standards for divers forms of regulations that touch on the intellectual property rights. To this effect, it divulges on standards each nation must meet to enforce the copyright laws, patenting, trade marks, the protection of confidential information, and the geographical indications. We will write a custom essay sample on World Trade Organisation or any similar topic only for you Order Now After the narrowness and the limitations that were found in the TRIPS, DOHA was then proposed. The DOHA is a multilateral commercial system that has been enshrined in the World Trade Organization(WTO) and seeks to make enhancements on economic growth, expansion and establishment. Having existed over fifty years, this multilateral trading system aims at working towards the entrenchment of international trade by ensuring a system that promotes the liberalisation of trade and international trade policies that catalyse the recovery of the economy, its growth and development. It is on this backdrop that the DOHA multilateral commercial system is against protectionism in international trade, following the objections that were created in the World Trade Agreement, the Marrakesh Agreement (Yeaman, 2003 pp. 39). Recent developments in the DOHA and TRPS meetings and their impacts on the LDCs’ agriculture and industries. The latest DOHA development and TRIPS Agreement national workshop meeting was held on 22nd February, 2007 in Indonesia, under the aegis of the WTO which was in liaison with the ministry of foreign affairs (Oberg, 2002 pp. 14). In the meeting, there were pressure from the developed economies on the developing countries to fulfill their obligations spelt out in the TRIPS Agreement Article 66. 2. This demanded that the Least Developing Countries (LDCs) facilitate and carry out technology transfer so as to introduce and maintain an efficient technological base that will make international trade feasible. The LDCs were censured for only submi tting reports that touch on technological training and capacity erections (Zhang, 2001 pp. 66). This is normally taken as a failure on the side of the developing economies, yet their financial base is too narrow to support this undertaking. The main issue here is the time and the financial resources that are needed to realise the policy- and this is not being well considered by the developed counterparts (Tawfik, 2000 pp. 138). The fourth WTO conference was held in November 2001, in Qatar, to ensure that TRIPS (Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) member states are helped to interpret the TRIPS policies so as to be able to take comprehensive measures on public health. Even in the WTO which is still a confederation of different states which have come together for the sake of trade, interests still thrive. The interests range from interstate competition to competition taking on the form of regional blocks pitted against each other (Plat, 2000 pp. 92). In this sense, regions and states will always seek to have policies that are favourable to them, entrenched by the WTO. For instance, Europe, the biggest global importer of agricultural and farm produce wants all forms of local support accorded to farmers plummeted. Europe’s main import zones include the developing economies and few developed countries such as the United States, Canada, Japan, New Zealand and Australia. In the same wavelength, it wants all the export subsidies offered to the same farmers extirpated by 2013. On the other end, it is pushing for lower tariffs (Taylor, 2003 pp. 40). The European Union says that it is pushing for global accessibility of all industrial goods in the international market. For this, it is aiming at pressuring the WTO to cut out high tariffs. From the facade, this seems a good idea, but it is, under close scrutiny, an artifice to strengthen Europe. Reduced subsidies will increase farming expenses for the farmers while at the other end, plummeted tariffs will only enable Europe to acquire agricultural and farm imports at a very affordable rate (Probs, 2002 pp. 155). From the days of the WTO’s General Agreement on Trade Tariffs (GATT), there have been serious cases of structural imbalances and over protectionism in some trading regions, compared to the others. Therefore, Developing countries in the Uruguay Round expected that the heavily protected sectors (textiles and agriculture) would be made more accessible so as to make it possible for the LDC products to have sufficient international access. Howbeit, the two sectors remain locked being characterised by highly proscriptive tariffs with some striking and passing the 200%- 300% mark (Correa, 2004 pp. 244). This comes in the wake of the OECD’s Domestic subsidies having soared from 275 American billion dollars to 326 billion. In the textiles and fabrics domain, very minimal items produced by the LDCs have been removed from the quota list even after ten years of corrective implementation period has elapsed. According to the Bureau of International Textiles, only thirteen out of seven hundred and fifty have been exempted from the quota list by the US, while Europe has only excised fourteen out of two hundred and nineteen, and Canada, twenty nine out of two hundred and ninety five. This made it obvious that most of the quotas will not have been eradicated by the arrival of the targeted period of 2013 (Thomas, 2005 pp. 39). At the turn of the century, the realisation towards this exercise was retrogressed by America’s announcement that she would in order to protect her local steel industry, impose a 30% tariff on her steel imports. This demonstrates clearly the fact that most developed nations in the WTO are not ready to forfeit their interests just to facilitate international trade (Rajan, 2005 pp. 139). Inspite of the fact that the developed countries have not carried out all of their liberalization obligations, yet LDCs are the ones currently under pressure to expedite their liberalisation of their investments and imports from the international financial entities and regional trade facilitators. The paradox of these developments is that the developed countries who propose these policies ask for more time to restructure their textiles and agriculture while the LDCs having been forced to restructure, are told to persevere the pains thereof for a time. You read "World Trade Organisation" in category "Papers" For instance, the proscription of investment subsidies and measures makes it very difficult to facilitate the domestic or local industries. This in turn ushers in poverty and then consequently, dependency syndrome. The liberalization of the agricultural sector is also a setback to small scale farmers since their products become subject to international competition which is characterised by cheaper foreign products ,making incursions into the market. The products from the developed countries are always cheap, following the fact that the dealers in them enjoy huge government subsidies. On the other hand, the developing economies do not have a financial pool, large enough to facilitate the issuance of subsidies to its farmers. This amounts to nothing else but unequal competition ( Tomilson, 1998 pp. 106). WTO TRIPS tolerates very high standards of IPR ( Intellectual Property Rights) type of leadership. This leads to the entrenchment of high prices on medicine, health services and other essential services at the behest of Northern corporation patenting. These Northern corporations deal in biological materials which come from the south and their patenting leads to high costs and at the same time, diminishes the accessibility of industrial technology to developing countries (Trebilcock, 2000 pp. 91). Again, on the 15th May, 2003 WTO TRIPS Meeting that was aimed at implementing policies that were to aid development seemed to lack sincerity and good will. The TRIPS were to engage in the technical support and assistance of the LDCs. However, even the Secretariat was not accorded with chance to air the key issues as touching on the options of the LDCs. This means that should this plan be carried out, the assistance may not be that which will truly meet the needs of the LDCs (Hoekman, Philip and Mattoo, 1996 pp. 45). The matter of patenting of the pharmaceuticals that have been proposed by the WTO TRIPS is also posing a potential threat to the LDCs. The developed economies know this well and this is why, in liaison with the movers and shakers of these ministerials, are trying to hoodwink the LDCs by exempting them from subscribing to the Sections 7 and 5 fully, citing an extended grace period that stretches to January 2016 (Gamharter, 2004 pp. 9). However, they are quite sure about the accruals that will begin to trickle in on the inception of these sections. This period is not enough for the LDCs to improve their health sectors to match the competition that will be coming from the international medical and health care practitioners. LDCs are likely then to face untold miseries in the public health sectors, taking the form of the in ability to provide comprehensive medicinal services and health acre due to price fluctuation from the international dealers. The local medical care givers will also face a lot of disillusionment, stemming from competition from the international medical care givers. In the agricultural sector, the TRIPS has also been a let down to the LDCs. This is because, although the LDCs have not yet industrialised, meaning that their economic mainstay is agriculture, yet, Paragraph 11 of the Agricultural Section of the TRIPS only lists down matters pertaining to agriculture, in relation to the LDCs’ development, but does not elaborate further how the issues are to be tackled. This section contains serious matters such as the LDCs being excluded from the exercise of curbing the subsidies, so as to extirpate cases of cheap foreign food products from inundating the local food products and market, the ratification of a market access that is quota free to the LDCs agricultural products (Evenson and Staniello, 2004 pp. 203). This section also was supposed to tackle the issue of LDCs being given the chance to re- evaluate their bound tariff rate to ward off cases of disillusionment of local farmers in the LDCs . Inspite of the seriousness of this provision, it has never been developed or revised for ratification, since it seems that the accruals will now not be trickling so much more to the developed economies (Carvalho, 2002 pp. 97). The local service providers in the developing world have also been left non- viable due to the fact that developing economies have been forced to open up to international market, their service sectors. For instance, it is on this backdrop that national telecommunication corporations in Africa, are closing down following the arrival of the international telephone service providers such as the American originated Vodaphone company, and the European telephone service provider known in Africa as the Celtel (Trendl, 2002 pp. 49) LCDs’ frustrations stemming from inconsistencies in the running of the WTO programmes. Apart from these glaring facts about the competitive interests of the states, developing countries encounter setbacks in the realisation of its goals due to lack of structural balance and some pitfalls within the WTO. For instance, in 1999 Seattle ministerial and in the 2001 DOHA ministerial, developing economies presented these realities with the intention of making the WTO revoke the pristine stipulations, only for the developed economies to state that developing economies had entered commitments that were legally binding, and that it is incumbent upon the developing economies to complete their payments first before such matters of abrogation of policies are considered. In the fifth Ministerial which was convened in Singapore, 2003, the LDCs were being prevailed upon to postpone the issues for the new agreements but at the same time, the LDCs were still subject to the many concessions on their side. This does not only betray the lopsidedness of the WTO, but also acts as a pointer to the fact that the developing economies were going to continue being subjected to double payments (Twiggz, 1989 pp. 80). Hitherto, the developed countries had not accrued any anticipated gain from the textile or agricultural concessions. Developing countries are, concerning the issue being told that their proposals that they be given access to the Northern markets, will only, as a pay package deal, be considered in the post DOHA meeting schedule. However, this was to be on condition that they conform with new WTO issues. It is a fact that the new agreements may not usher in gains since the WTO lacks reciprocity, as is being seen in the international trade imbalance. This is also intimating the fact that even in the face of new agreements, developing countries will still be poised to be shortchanged. Furthermore, there is no clear pointer to the fact that there will be the WTO systems and policy re- evaluation or balancing. Neither is the access to the Northern market by the developed countries, nor the abrogation of these policies going to take place so easily (Wu, 2003 pp. 120). Many developing countries also find themselves receiving difficulties in the form of plummeted prices of commodities and the incapacitation on the side of the developing countries to diversify or to adjust upwards, their exports, due to the limitations on the side of the supplies and the accessibility of the market. This problem also arises out of the imbalances within the trading system of the WTO (Wong, 2002 pp. 75). Even the process by which consensus is reached in the WTO is wanting. The will of the developed countries always seem to inundate that of their counterparts in the developing countries. While it is true that the majority in the WTO comprise the developing economies, yet their unified voices cannot secure their interests against their developed counterparts. When the LDCs presented their objections to the WTO, the developed economies maintained that there was no apparent need for WTO systems and rules being rebalanced. The developed economies being the minority, yet could still prevail upon the WTO panel to have it that the recommendations by the LDCs be reviewed in peace meals. This is the reason why even after several years before and after the DOHA, no re- balancing or review of these inequalities have been carried out. On the contrary, appeals by the developing economies that there be the reviewing of the problems before the inception of negotiations on new areas were drastically scuttled (Vohra, 2000 pp. 19). Upon these development, the developed countries also arose to exert pressure on the WTO to lengthen its mandate to make rules so as to integrate the new areas that were being opposed by the LDCs, an action which the developing economies countered together with other groupings from other regional blocks (Benson, 1996 pp. 102). Apart from stating their case that they were not set to have new negotiations and/ or to adhere to the subsequent rules, the underdogs stated it clearly that they were not in full knowledge of what the newly proposed issues could portend, in terms of obligations. In addition to the above reasons, the developed economies maintained that the newly proposed agreements would add to their already inundating burdens, more obligations which would continue to further derail their development progress. As a result, the LDCs maintained that these newly proposed agreements be still considered for discussions but without being given first hand priority (Burke, 1999 pp. 33) . However, spates of unusual and enigmatic methodologies in WTO decision making, made it possible for the views of the developing countries not to be considered in Geneva DOHA Ministerial Declaration. This state of affairs elicited disgruntlement from the developing countries’ side since they saw in this, nontransparent and unrepresentative draftings. The LDCs posited that a draft elaborating the differences between the two sides be availed in lieu of the one sided draft which tended to carry some elements of deception that it was drafted on a consensus. Strangely enough, once again, these proposals were disregarded and the document that favoured the new issues was adapted as the premise of the negotiations. This gave the developed economies an upper hand. At Doha, in the Green Room meeting, only very few countries were allowed in, to act as the representatives of those left out. The process turned out to be unrepresentative, nontransparent, and not the true representation of their views. Objections arose at the last session at DOHA when the chairperson at the meeting declared that a consensus touching on modalities and the newly proposed agreements was a prerequisite for the negotiations to begin in the next sitting (Chan and Sherman, 2000 pp. 54). The prospects of the post DOHA constructions and how they are likely to affect the LDCs. Experts posit that the talk is to touch on nineteen areas which are broad scaled, touching on politics and economy, as opposed to the Uruguay Round agenda which only touched on economics. The Post DOHA program is said to be heavy since it touches on human resources, time and technical expertise which the developing countries lack. Other issues that are likely to come up are subsidies, electronic commerce, dumping, and the new work program which at the present is said to promote the imbalance between the developed and the developing economies in the WTO. Instead of seeking to offset the inconsistency between the two spheres, the WTO has on the contrary, accorded special handling of the high areas of interests to the developed economies and neglecting the high areas of interest to the least developed economies (Shan, 2007 pp. 203). This has translated into situations whereby areas that are considered to portend deep interests are being rushed after by the developed countries while in the mean time the developing economies try to deliberately hinder these areas from being seized by the developed economies. Some of these areas of interest touch on matters such as electronic commerce, matters touching on the environment and employment (Tsuruoka, 1995 pp. 89). More problems are bound to arise since, whereas the the developing countries consider the implementation issues such as the provisions of the balance of payments, textile and agriculture, these matters have not been slotted anywhere in the work programmes main text book. On the other hand, matters that are considered more important by the developed countries compared to the developing counterparts, – matters such as science, technology, and finance are already in the main text book of the main program. Matters such as special and designated treatment are also considered important by the developing countries since this party wants to tackle the issue in the next DOHA ministerial, to instill precision, effectiveness and efficiency. In the main text book of the work program, this matter has not been featured anywhere, meaning that the developing countries will in the meantime continue to be subjected to the whims of those with the upper hand in the WTO. This system of special and designated provision plummet the substantive extent of the obligations that are to be presided over by the developing economies. It is thus very clear that even the work programs provision, or its running is lopsided and is therefore of no benefit at all to the developing economies. Instead, it is a stepping stone to the developed countries for their beneficence, yet, these countries give nothing to the developing countries (Schuller, 2002 pp. 144). This happens in the face of total contravention to the GATT/ and the WTO Reciprocal Principle since the process of negotiations amongst all members of the WTO must be guided by the chief principle of reciprocity. The concept of reciprocity according to experts should not be pegged on particular commitments in the agreements, but should also be based upon the designation of items for close attention . Albeit, it must be noted that it is quite paradoxical that the WTO new face started with a promotion of an imbalance. Interestingly enough, this same work program has been at times referred to alternatively as the development plan. It is commonsense that if the development plan itself is faulty, and has also been totally fixed by the top developed countries to suit their own economic interests, given the fact that nothing has been reflected in it to give priority to the developing countries, then the world should anticipate nothing else but the widening of the gulf between the rich countries and the poor countries ( Chan, 2002 pp. 002). Not only this, but if the situation is not turned around (for which there is a very slim chance), then capital is likely to continue flowing from the developing countries into the metropoles, making the metropoles richer day by day, while leaving the poor more emaciated upon every actualisation of an international business deal. As touching on the imp lementation issues, the decisions by Doha has not been very satiating. For instance, it is now a WTO policy that agreements and countervailing policies touching on subsidies in the least developing countries with a Gross National Production (GNP) less than 1,000 US dollar per annum, keep on being included in the sanitary and phytosanitary agreement measures list. It is only upon exceeding this line for three consecutive years that a country will be expunged from this list. On any country’s GDP falling below this mark, the country will automatically be re- included in this list (Chan- Gonzaga, 2001 pp. 21). This portends more problems to the Developing economies since they are the ones who are highly susceptible to fall into these traps, given their small scale economies and hence, low GDP. Although there have been proposals by developing economies that these systems that cause imbalances and give rise to problems be revoked, yet as far as touching on these substantive matters, there has been hardly development made on the issue. It is on this premise that many developing economies will be given no priority in the oncoming post DOHA meetings, since these countries will be falling within this rubric of countries that fall below the mark of 1,000 US dollars per annum. Much to the chagrin of these developing nations, the matters already designated for negotiations (the Singapore issues) are not only very sensitive, but are also posing higher potential of reaching the negotiation status. This makes it harder for the rest of the developing countries, should there be need to reach consensus through a plebiscite, which is usually a game of numbers (Das, 1999 pp. 120). Following the stipulations from the Uruguay Round, part of the oncoming designated agenda for the WTO will touch on the negotiation on agriculture. The previous DOHA declaration spells out that in the agricultural negotiations, the principal focus will be working out towards total excision of the export subsidies. This will also include the working towards making governments desist from issuing local support offered to the farmer and the trader, since this local support, they say, distorts international trade. Mostly, this will demand that developed countries be prevailed upon to to revoke the issuance of subsidies (Elchelberger and Allen, 2000 pp. 55). Experts point out that the major developed countries can use these terms to point out that the measures of the domestic support that were included in Annex 2 are not to be subjected to reduction talks. This will lead to the major developed nations being exempt from the reduction injunctions. This will be catastrophic to the farmers and traders in the developing economies since they will not be liable to receiving subsidies while their counterparts in the developed economies will be receiving the subsidies. This brings about unequal competition in the international market yet at the same time, it poses high protectionism in the developed countries. This is an outright application of double standards. The oncoming negotiations will also include the part of services as one of the set- in agenda. This will follow in the wake of the realisation of the fact that the WTO branch, the General Trade on Services, the GATS, is also imbalanced. The developed economies poses far much greater power in the services sector, while the developing countries on the other hand, are very feeble in this sense. In addition to this, they are faced with limitations in supply. This leaves the developing economies with the incapacity to fairly compete with the developed countries. General impact of the WTO stipulations on the LDCs Having looked at that pitfalls of WTO and its bodies (the DOHA and the TRIPS), it is now incumbent that the consequences of these pitfalls on developing economies be looked at. It is also important to note that some of these implications have already been dealt with. The WTO deals with other nations through the two Bretton Woods institutions, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. It is these two Bretton Woods institutions that some times make sure that the policies carried out in the WTO to promote the international financial transactions are implemented or carried out by the developing countries. It is to this effect that these institutions are known to carry out draconian measures on developing countries to ensure that these countries ratify the implementations. For instance, the 1990s saw most African countries and other developing countries being denied foreign aid because they were still resisting the implementation of the Structural Adjustment Programs. Apart from the fact that this measure stagnated the development process and the financial growth rate, most countries were left paralysed, not being even able to support even the running of the daily domestic economic activities (Guo, 2002 pp. 100). These Structural adjustment programs were in themselves not suitable to the developing economies’ prospects and programs ( it must be remembered that the Structural Adjustment Programs were the initiatives of the WTO which then was out to bolster international trade). To be more precise, the Structural Adjustment Programs had one of its guidelines being cost sharing. Herein, developing countries were to reduce their debt- to- revenue ratio by accepting this methodology of cost sharing. This policy was being heralded by the developed economies and the two Bretton Woods Institutions as the panacea that was to extirpate the widespread cases of over reliance on foreign aid (Lewis 2000, pp. 208) In the first case, African countries and their developing counterparts were told that they were spending too much on their educational programmes. To turn around the situation, these countries were supposed to withdraw permanently, the custom of issuing allowances to students. In addition to this, access to educational loans was to be plummeted, meaning that only students with high outstanding performance were to access these loans. The governments in the developing countries, and especially Africa, were to invent ways of making money from the educational sector, and for this, the Module Two Programs emerged. These Module Two Programmes, otherwise known as Parallel Programmes run autonomously from the government funded, or subsidised conventional university programs (Hu, 2001 pp. 255). These measures on the educational programs have lead to massive cases in the developing economies not being able to expand their educational programmes, to match the rising educational demand that stems from the growing population. As a result, many students who merit going to the university miss securing admission. In addition to this, the Parallel programmes are too expensive for the ordinary citizens in the developing countries to afford. In a nutshell, this measure of cost sharing in the educational sector only succeeded in making education in the developing countries inaccessible, and thus making these countries susceptible to massive cases of brain drain. For the first time, in the 1994, four years after the inception of the Structural Adjustment Programmes, there were cases of university students being dismissed from universities due to fee arrears in the eastern Africa region. At the same time, those students with good grades and a fair financial pool who fail to make it to the government subsidised programmes opt for oversees studies in the developed countries. Upon completion, these students prefer to work in these developing countries. This massive cases of transnational exodus for greener pastures has left the developing countries more and more subjected to brain drain and lack of skilled labour (Kang, and Feng, 2002 pp. 107). Still on the concept of cost sharing, the governments in the developing countries were prevailed upon by the two Bretton Woods Institutions to reduce their expenditures by carrying out a massive exercise of downsizing the civil service so as to trim its size. These exercises were to be carried out starting from 1995- 2005 in most African economies for example. In Latin America, the measure was to be carried out in phases starting from 1992- 2002. However, contrary to what developing countries were told, the carrying out of this exercise only proved to be a Pandora box, ushering in untold catalogues of untold misery at the hands of poverty. Simply put, the myriad numbers of the retrenched civil servants found themselves subject to poverty ( Low, 1997 pp. 124). In the same spectrum, the concept of international trade which was formed by the WTO and heralded by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund that nations cede away the production of certain products to other countries with specialisation ( both natural and human resources, together with technological endowment), does not ager well with the developing nations. Developing nations are kept from realising their dreams of indutrialisation through this concept. Moreover, the concept itself is innately twisted since a nation can be having adequate natural resources and man power, but can be a fledgeling economy that has not yet fine tuned its technological advancement with its indutrialisation programmes (Lyon, 1996 pp. 51). More importantly, the exercise translates into more problems since it leads to more cases of jobs being forfeited, especially in the developing economies, since developing economies have not yet fully been industrialised. This strain of international outsourcing coupled together with its twin, the downsizing of the civil service, has increased the level of unemployment in the developing sector. The problem proves to be hydra headed since the potential tertiary education students who miss out on learning opportunities together with the retrenched civil servants, add to the bulk of the unemployed population with no means of livelihood. It is on this backdrop that all the developing economies have national security matters making it to the top five national agenda in the annual review of national programmes (Shrybman, 2001 pp. 7). World trade, an undertaking which the WTO Is chiefly interested in, is in itself also bedeviled by many issues that touch on the entrenchment of political, cultural and economic domination of the developing countries by their global trading counterparts, the developed countries. For instance, although the developed countries form the minority in the WTO DOHA, yet their will is highly predominant over the developing countries’ (Wong and Mc Ginty, 2002, pp. 40). In addition to this, the same institutions that are used to channel foreign funds to the developing economies, the World Bank (WB) and the International Monetary Funds (IMF), belong to the developed economies. In addition to being the conduit through which foreign fundings reach other countries, these two Bretton Woods Institutions are supposed to offer advisory services, and at the same time, carry out investigative and monitoring activities on the developing economies’ progress (Mah, 1998 pp. 120). In the course of the monitoring progress, the developing economies are supposed to submit their statements of accounts to either the WB or the IMF. This exposes easily, the developing countries to political manipulation by the developed countries, especially those in the west (Markel, 2000 pp. 43). It is also through the WTO’s international outsourcing that different multinational corporations have been able to make incursions into the developing nations territories to indulge in the provision of goods and services in the developing countries. Some of these companies include the shipping company, Maersk, the petroleum companies such as the British owned, British Petroleum (BP) and the Shell, and the American and British owned Kenol Kobil (Lauffs and Singh, 2000 pp. 173). Any country that wants to take part in the trade that uses the sea routes in the eastern African region must register with the Italian shipping and handling company, Maersk. This in itself amounts to economic domination since these countries are accorded a laissez faire condition, devoid of domestic competition. In the same vein, the companies that come from the developing countries are not accorded by the WTO and the international trade counterparts any chance to trade in the developed countries’ backyard ( Lewis and Rhodes, 2002 pp. 88). It is a well known fact that the process of international trade relations is mostly hinged upon the concept of instantaneous exchange of information in a trans border sense. Because this process is aided by the existence of technological advancement, the previous WTO DOHA ministerials and the TRIPS meetings have been characterised by the prevailing upon the developing countries to hasten the process of technology transfer and installation (Li, 2002 pp. 187). This was in accordance with the aim to have free and efficient flow of information in an interstate manner that could promote trade. Although this measure being considered by the TRIPS under the aegis of the WTO is not geared towards any harm, yet the WTO has not yet looked at the full repercussion of this measure. For instance, it is on this backdrop that developing nations have fell for serious cases of cultural domination. Since the developed countries exceed the the LDCs in commercial and technological knowledge and skills, most of the trans border exchange of information flow from the developed countries to the LDCs. However, with this huge volume of needed information, also comes, information that always insinuate the socio- cultural traits of the developed countries as being superior to the LDCs’. At the same time, the Socio- cultural practices in the developed economies are insidiously permeated into the social fabric of the developing economies (Lewis, 2002 pp. 62). It is on the above premise that small factions have come up to resist these spates of developments by using terrorist attacks. While these attacks are always aimed at the major developed economies, yet to instill pressure on the developed nations, these quasi religious military ragtags also aim at the trading allies of the major developed countries who are normally, the LDCs. It is because of these state of affairs that there were twin bombings in the two most lucrative capitals in the eastern African region in August 1998 by the Al Qaeda forces. Similar cases are also widely common in the world of the developing countries (Mukherjee, 2000 pp. 172). Conclusion. Therefore, it can be seen clearly that the LDCs in the international trade through their relations with the developed countries, courtesy of the WTO, has elicited more pain than gain. Nevertheless, all is not lost for the LDCs, since the Doha declaration posits that it, as an organisation, has an aim of making the development of the LDCs actualise. To this end, the development needs of the LDCs such as food security and health will continue to remain core issues that will control the implementation of other policies. The LDCs should seize this provision to illustrate that their indutrialisation and development will not come without food security, and food security will not be realised by their economies since the mainstay of their food source remains, small scale farming. These small scale farmers being economically challenged, deeply need government subsidies and domestic support. In nearly the same manner, the LDC factions within the WTO such as the the Group 15 that is made up of the heads of the governments should continue working towards collaborations among the LDCs in calling for new global approaches, as it was agreed upon by the same in the 11th Summit that was held in Jakarta, Indonesia. How to cite World Trade Organisation, Papers

Information Security for Web Based and Computing- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theInformation Securityfor Web Based and Cloud Computing. Answer: Introduction There are numerous web-based and cloud computing applications and services that are being used by the organizations. The automation of the business activities and operations have provided the organizations with the ability to carry out the tasks quickly and accurately. The volumes and variety of the data has also increased as a result. One organization handles various projects at the same time and there is a lot of information that an organization manages and processes. This has led to certain drawbacks and occurrences to look upon. There are many security risks, events and threats that take place in association with the user and business information that may have some extremely dangerous and harmful impacts. Information Security and protection are the disciplines that have grown immensely in the recent years. There are varied information and data sets that are present, such as, sensitive, critical, public, personal etc. The report covers the analysis of a recent information security breach along with the ransomware attack that was given shape by the attackers in May, 2017. Security Breach at OSHA OSHA stands for Occupational Safety and Health Administration which is a public sector agency based out of the United States and operates in the department of labor. There are certain categories and types of information that are extremely sensitive in nature and the health information belongs to the same. The majority of the data sets at OSHA are therefore sensitive. There are technological changes that are taking place with each passing day and OSHA is an agency that decided to incorporate the same in its data operations and management. The health information was converted to its electronic form for storage and transmission. The process welcomed certain flaws in security which gave shape to the information breach in August, 2017. The electronic reporting mechanism that was carried out at OSHA was shut down as an outcome. OSHA had launched an injury tracking application (ITA) on 1st August 2017. The motive of the application was the record maintenance of the injuries that were reported in an automated manner. The attackers took advantage of the security flaws in ITA and there were some initial pages that were targeted and affected. It then spread to the entire application and system which exposed the sensitive health information to the malevolent parties (Gonzalez, 2017). It was not only the patients that were impacted by the security breach as the privacy and confidentiality of their information was compromised. The incident took its toll on the members of the staff at OSHA as well. The demographic and employability details of the staff members were also exposed. The occurrence proved to be disastrous for OSHA as the customers could no longer trust the agency and its services which led to disengagement of the customers and the poor impact on the reputation in the market (Tornone, 2017). There is a threat agent or the mode of attack that is always involved in any of the security breaches and events. The case was no different with the security breach at OSHA as the ITA had a weak and an unsecure access point. ITA is an application that was not deployed at OSHA earlier. None of the similar applications were being used by the agency either. Due to the lack of experience and a complete idea of the possible security flaws, the implementation team and the application developers did not check on the security of the access points. This loophole and vulnerability in the application security was later used by the malicious parties to give shape to the security breach at OSHA (Golla, 2017). Network based security attacks are being executed at a rapid scale in the present day applications. It is because of the reason that networks are the prime links that are used in the modern day applications and there are varied access points that are also present. OSHA could have used the latest network security measures to prevent the security occurrence that took place. Researchers and technocrats are extensively working in the area of network security and have come up with the automated network security solutions for the activities such as network monitoring, network based intrusion detection and prevention, maintenance of logs on the network activity, network audits and reviews. These tools would have generated the adequate alerts at the time of the initial attempts that were made by the attackers at OSHA (Bertino, 2015). The security of the applications, systems and the entire organization cannot be generalized. There is no common or standard security protocol that can be applied to protect and safeguard all the elements at once. It is required to develop and implement the security policies and protocols as per the nature of the element and the set of requirements. For instance, in the case of OSHA, access control is one of the most significant security steps that should have been upgraded as per the requirements. There is physical access control that was required at all the entry and exit gates along with the technical and logical access control mechanisms for the protection of systems and applications. Identity management using two-fold authentication scheme would have also proved to be extremely useful in case of OSHA (Wangen, 2017). Malware are the malicious codes and programs that are designed with the aim to cause deliberate damage to the victim by triggering the code at the desired point of time. OSHA should have made use of firewalls and proxy servers as the basic measures to security along with the implementation of anti-viruses and other anti-malware packages. These packages would have generated the logs and alerts in case of the presence of any malware in the entire chain of systems and applications. Administrative checks and controls also have a huge significance in the maintenance and execution of security. There are Chief Information Officers (CIO), Security Managers, Security Auditors and several other resources that are recruited in the security department. OSHA must also have a vigilant security department. However, these security teams are required to develop administrative properties and measures to make sure there is complete adherence and compliance to the security policies. There should be active use of the automated tools and protocols as well for the purpose. May 2017 WannaCry Ransomware Attack It is now seen that the users have become used to the security occurrences and cases that have a low to medium impact. This is due to the reason that the frequency of such attacks has increased at an immense rate. However, some of these cases become notable due to their degree of damage and the number of victims that are impacted. One of the recent cases that took the world by storm was WannaCry ransomware attack in the month of May, 2017. There are various forms of malware that have been launched by the hackers and attackers and one such malware is the ransomware. It is a malicious code that encrypts the user information and also blocks the access to the files and the system. In order to re-gain the access, the users are asked to pay a price which is the ransom. WannaCry was a ransomware attack that was execute at a large scale and impacted the systems and applications worldwide. There were over 150 countries that had to bear the toll of the attack. A cryptoworm was launched by the team of attackers that targeted the machines that were based on the operating system as Microsoft Windows. The cryptoworm encrypted all of the information that was present in these systems and a message was flashed on the screens to pay the ransom in the form of Bitcoin cryptocurrency (Wong Solon, 2017). b National Health Staff (NHS) located in United Kingdom is the organization that was among the first reported of the WannaCry attack. The first report was lodged on May 12, 2017. NHS witnessed the shutting down of all of its systems one by one with a message being displayed on each system as a ransom of USD 300 (230) was to be provided by the system owners. Many of the other countries from Europe also reported of the similar experience after the passage of time. Russia also provided an account of the similar happening and it is being said that Russia was hugely impacted by the attack (Hern Gibbs, 2017). There were many other countries in Europe and Asia that had to experience the massive attack on the information and system security. Some of these countries include China, Turkey, India, Japan, Malaysia, Germany, Italy, France etc. The attackers executed the attack after a great research and analysis of the security vulnerabilities in Microsoft Windows. There was one of such security flaws termed as EternalBlue that was highlighted in the Windows systems. It was declared that the vulnerability was overcome with the release and installation of the necessary security patches. A group of hackers called Shadow Brokers made EternalBlue public in April, 2017. It is the same flaw that was used in the execution and spread of the WannaCry ransomware. WannaCry is an example of the security attack that took place because of weaknesses in the security architecture and the negligence of the service providers and service users. The security vulnerability in the Windows systems was identified and analyzed well before the WannaCry attack. Adequate and necessary steps were not taken by the service providers and the service users to ensure that the system was completely secure and the security vulnerability was not present any longer (Palmer, 2017). User awareness is one of the requirements to make sure that the security information and the measures to improve the security status are taken by every user. The same should have been done by Microsoft as well with the use of so many mediums to connect with the users such as social media accounts, discussion forums, emails and so on (Erlich Zviran, 2010). Malware are the malicious codes and programs that are designed with the aim to cause deliberate damage to the victim by triggering the code at the desired point of time. Microsoft along with all the business units and organizations should have made use of firewalls and proxy servers as the basic measures to security along with the implementation of anti-viruses and other anti-malware packages. These packages would have generated the logs and alerts in case of the presence of any malware in the entire chain of systems and applications (Al-Hamdani, 2009). Technology has provided the users with so many applications and automated tools for the maintenance of security and the installation of the measures for enhancement of the security infrastructure. Such tools and applications shall be analyzed according to the specific needs and requirements of the system. There shall be measures that must be taken for understanding the different features and functionalities that are offered by different vendors and the most applicable out of all shall be implemented. It is necessary to regularly update the systems and applications to the latest versions that are offered by the vendors so that the security occurrences that are specific to particular versions are avoided by default. Conclusion Information is one of the most important and primary asset of the organizations and the users. It is necessary to develop the measures that can lead to the avoidance of the security breaches and the technology shall be put to use for the same. References Al-Hamdani, W. (2009). Three Models to Measure Information Security Compliance. International Journal Of Information Security And Privacy, 3(4), 43-67. https://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jisp.2009100104 Bbc. (2017). Massive ransomware infection hits computers in 99 countries - BBC News. BBC News. Retrieved 31 August 2017, from https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-39901382 Bertino, E. (2015). Security and privacy of electronic health information systems. International Journal Of Information Security, 14(6), 485-486. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10207-015-0303-z Erlich, Z., Zviran, M. (2010). Goals and Practices in Maintaining Information Systems Security. International Journal Of Information Security And Privacy, 4(3), 40-50. https://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jisp.2010070103 Gollan, J. (2017). Labor Department blames data breach for injury reporting sites shutdown. Reveal. Retrieved 31 August 2017, from https://www.revealnews.org/blog/labor-department-blames-data-breach-for-shutdown-of-employee-injury-reporting-site/ Gonzalez, G. (2017). Security breach shuts down OSHA electronic reporting application - Business Insurance. Business Insurance. Retrieved 31 August 2017, from https://www.businessinsurance.com/article/20170816/NEWS08/912315224/Security-breach-shuts-down-OSHA-electronic-reporting-application Hern, A., Gibbs, S. (2017). What is WannaCry ransomware and why is it attacking global computers?. the Guardian. Retrieved 31 August 2017, from https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/may/12/nhs-ransomware-cyber-attack-what-is-wanacrypt0r-20 Palmer, D. (2017). Your failure to apply critical cybersecurity updates is putting your company at risk from the next WannaCry or Petya | ZDNet. ZDNet. Retrieved 31 August 2017, from https://www.zdnet.com/article/your-failure-to-apply-critical-cyber-security-updates-puts-your-company-at-risk-from-the-next/ Tornone, K. (2017). OSHA halts new online reporting following security breach. HR Dive. Retrieved 31 August 2017, from https://www.hrdive.com/news/osha-halts-new-online-reporting-following-security-breach/449551/ Wangen, G. (2017). A framework for estimating information security risk assessment method completeness. International Journal Of Information Security. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10207-017-0382-0 Wong, J., Solon, O. (2017). Massive ransomware cyber-attack hits nearly 100 countries around the world. the Guardian. Retrieved 31 August 2017, from https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/may/12/global-cyber-attack-ransomware-nsa-uk-nhs

Marketing Management

Introduction Marketing Management is a business aspect that entails the marketing department of an organization researching and giving proposals on how best an organization can change its business techniques to best suit the changing environmental conditions. The roles of a marketing manager or consultant vary depending on the size of an organization and general industry characteristics.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To create an effective marketing strategy, marketing managers or consultants should understand clearly the market environment within which they operate[1]. A marketing environment consists of factors or elements such as customers, competitors, suppliers, government policies or controls among other micro and macro-economic factors that affect a business. Given the fact that all those aspects, which form the marketing environment, are always const antly changing, marketing consultants are compelled to be up to date. It is only when a marketing manager is armed with current information that he or she can come up with new strategies and ideas to ensure his or her organization remains competitive.[2] Based on this understanding, this paper provides an analysis of Singapore’s Manor House Country Club Hotel. Manor House Country Club Hotel Manor House Country Club Hotel (MCCH), which is the case study in this paper, is located in Singapore; is an island of almost 650 square kilometers. Manor Country Club House is on a 1.2 ha piece of land and given its strategic geographical location on the Island, it attracts many customers. It is situated near Theme Park and a Museum, which increases its economic prospects. In order to understand factors affecting its profitability, a marketing consultant has to look in both the microenvironment and the macro-environment in which it operates[3]. Microenvironment of MCCH The microenvironmen t of a business consists of factors such as organizational culture, organizational resources, organizational structure, customers, competitors, suppliers and the immediate public that surround the organization. It is reported that the hotel industry has witnessed an increase in sit-down meal customers i.e. a growth rate of 16% was registered since 2003. Based on this trend, an increase in customers should be expected if variety of sit-down meals from diverse parts of the world are introduced.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, the management should consider introducing a boutique at MCCH to attract customers. Information from hotels in other middle-east countries, like Qatar, shows that tourists prefer services of boutique while on holiday. Therefore, the new CEO of MCCH should consider investing in a boutique to provide more value for tourists who lodge at the ho tel. The new CEO will be preparing to fail if he does not address himself to competitors’ characteristics. It has to be noted that in the Singapore market, there is lack of differentiation i.e. all the hotels do the same things save for different prices and the different locations of these hotels. The only things that distinguish MCCH from competitors are price and location. Differentiation through the introduction of more quality and diverse services is thus very important in delivering a competitive advantage[4]. It is recommendable that MCCH focuses of tailored cultural experiences in order to attract and delight customers more than competition. Many visiting tourists must necessarily find it exciting when they are exposed to different Singaporean cultures while staying in MCCH. Macro-environment of MCCH A business’ macro-environment consists of factors that affect an organization but the organization has no direct control over the same[5]. Macro-economic factors th at affect business operations include demographic, economical, environmental, legal technological, cultural, and political forces. Macro-environmental factors keeps on changing over the years[6]. Therefore, it is important for marketers to keep scanning the business environment to respond to change in time. In the year 1990, the total population in Singapore was 2.705 million. The latest population projection indicates that Singapore’s total population is 3 million. This means that for a period of ten years the population has increased by a paltry 300,000 people. It therefore follows that Singapore has a very low population growth rate and majority of the total population are ageing people. Such statistics should inform all decisions made by the marketing department at MCCH. For instance, the marketing strategy has to target largely people who are ageing and couples.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The marketing manager at MCCH has to come up with policies that best suit the kind of people targeted, as given by population statistics. Away from the aging segment, the luxury bedrooms that were made available at MCCH in the year 2002 and the bar inside MCCH that was licensed to sell alcoholic drinks will on the other hand attract all the young couples and singles to MCCH. Just as changes keep on occurring in the Singaporean, the relative demand by tourists for products also keeps changing. Psychographic trends are measured y studying specific characteristics of a certain population, and they include attitudes, motives, values, and interests of a certain population.[7] According to a research by Kau et al, 65% Singaporeans said that family was the most important thing for them[8]. 65% is great majority thus need to bear in mind that Singaporeans value their families when planning any marketing venture. The government also seems to ag ree with these facts since a family day is usually organized by the government every year where families get together to share various activities. MCCH through its new CEO should therefore look out for these family days and organize family day promotions. MCCH can also organize special treats on specific weekends monthly for families to just come together and spend some time at the facility. Religion and education also matter a great deal of most Singaporeans. MCCH through its CEO should desist from inclining towards any kind of religion be it Buddhism or Christianity since it can lead Singaporeans from one religion completely ignore MCCH. Another critical macro-environmental factor that may affect MCCH’s performance is government control through bureaucracy. This is evident through bans on smoking and licensing laws that affect the hotel industry[9]. Finally, it is worth noting the contribution of technology in improving operations at the hotel. Technological changes that im prove efficiency e.g. use of credit cards in all hotel transactions and electronic door systems on hotel rooms have been adopted by MCCH. SWOT Analysis SWOT is an acronym for the words Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and strengths. To understand an organization, an analyst has to look within its internal environment to identify strengths and weaknesses therein and within its external environment to identify opportunities and threats. Based on the information given a SWOT analysis on MCCH is as shown below.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Strengths Well managed Market leader in profitability Prime physical location i.e. proximity to famous tourist sites 11 years of continued investment Increased capacity due to buying of adjacent property and increasing luxury bedrooms in 2002 Extended and modernized function suite Busy and successful bistro New Spacious Foyer Beauty salon that offers latest beauty treats Well trained staff in communication skills and customer care Opportunities Increased consumer spending on sit down meals Increasing adoption to new cuisines from different parts of the world Eating out major part of lifestyle of young and middle aged couples Growing demand for healthier eating Growth in domestic tourism Increased inbound tourism in the country Increased family travel Weaknesses Decline in corporate client bookings Retirement of one of the major partners Lack of enthusiasm from other partners towards new ideas Threats Highly competitive hotel industry Lack of product differentiation Increased government control Persistent war prices Highly demanding customers; i.e. affluent customers who wish to have an authentic experience Ansoff’s Matrix Ansoff’s matrix indicates that growth of a company depends on whether the organization markets old products in existing markets, develops new product or services, develops markets or diversifies i.e. goes into other businesses that are not similar to current business[10]. MCCH should foster its growth through market penetration. This can be made possible through anchoring on the opportunities in the business environment. For instance, there is growth or increase in both foreign and domestic tourism. Therefore, through proper market communication suited for different market niches, MCCH can tap into the market potential. Slow and sure bus tours should be made available for the ageing couples while live concerts and all night music at the licensed bars could be introduced to bring in young couples and singles . This strategy will help MCCH maintain develop and increase its market share. MCCH can also expand in the next 2 years through market development. Market development involves coming up with strategies that help an organization to enter new markets[11]. For MCCH, there are new market frontiers due to increased foreign and local tourism. More importantly is the change in tastes and preferences by locals leading to adoption of eating delicacies from other parts of the world. Market development will also require proper market communication but on a much greater scale unlike when focus is on market penetration. For instance, MCCH should use channels like the internet, 24-hour television channels like CNN and BBC to ensure the message is spread everywhere. The third strategy that MCCH can adopt as per Ansoff’s matrix is product development. Product development is the creation of new services and products. The tastes of customers are changing. In tandem, MCCH should bring in new pr oducts in tandem with changing customer needs. For instance, family tours are becoming more popular thus, introduction of family fun days, additional educational services and live concerts in the bars and restaurants can be the way to go for MCCH. Diversification is also an important strategy and it helps bring some differentiation in an industry that is direly in need of difference. Introduction of complimentary or supplementary businesses or even very different business could help cushion MCCH against any changes in the market. Porters Five Forces Model There are five forces, which a business owner has to understand to guide an organization to greater heights[12]. The first force that the management at MCCH has to consider and evaluate is supplier power. The new chief executive officer of MCCH has to understand how powerful the organization’s suppliers are. This is usually calculated in terms of the number of suppliers the organization has; the number of individuals in the industry that supply a commodity needed by an organization. If the suppliers are few, they are more powerful and can alter prices as they wish[13]. Although, information is not provided on the suppliers of MCCH, the new CEO has to work closely with suppliers to gain economies of scale, have competitively priced supplies or enjoy better performance due to just in time delivery of supplies. The second force to contend with is buyer power. Buyer power refers to capacity of buyers to influence prices[14]. Buyer power increases with increase in competition among suppliers[15]. It has to be noted that consumers especially the affluent are becoming even more quality conscious. This means that going into the future, customers are likely to enjoy more power over what hotels offer and how they offer it. MCCH has to in readiness for the same becoming a leader through better anticipating of customer preferences and designing appropriate responses. The third force that managers have to take into account as per Porter’s grid is threat of new entrants. Exit and entrance barriers determine threat of new entrants[16]. If it is easy for another firm to enter an industry, the threat of new entrants is high. Given the continuing growth of the Singaporean tourism market, and with projections of 17 million tourists annually, by the year 2015, the threat of new entries prevails. However, given the high cost involved in setting up an international hotel, the likelihood of many other international hotels being set up is limited. Therefore, the head of MCCH should expand to attract the many tourist expected in Singapore in future. Competitor rivalry in the hotel industry in Singapore is very high[17]. However, MCCH is leading the pack and there are more opportunities that can be tapped into. Through diversification and developing of new products, differentiation can be introduced by MCCH thus setting itself apart for a successful future. The final force, as per Porter’s m odel is threat of substitutes. In the case study, there is no indicator whatsoever of substitute offerings. Therefore, there is no threat of substitutes. However, through improving on its offering and tapping into emerging opportunities, MCCH should be able to grow in leaps regardless of whether substitute offerings arise or not. Bibliography Bryant, EF AJ Morrison, â€Å"Travel market segmentation and the  implication of market strategies†, Journal of Travel Research, Vol.18, no.3, 1981, pp. 2-6 Crask, MR, â€Å"Segmenting the Vacationer Market: Identifying the Vacation Preferences, Demographics and Magazine Readership of Each Group†, Journal of Travel Research, vol.20, no.2, 1981, pp. 29- 33 Doole, I. P Lancaster R Lowe, Understanding and Managing Customers, Prentice Hall, London, 2004 Engle, J F RD Blackwell, Consumer Behavior, New York: The Dryden Press, 1982 Kau, A K, WY, Yeong D Richmond, A Delphi Study of Future Lifestyles and Consumption Patterns in Singa pore, Center for Business Research and Development, National University of Singapore, 1993 Kau, AK C Yang, Values and Lifestyles of Singaporeans: A Marketing Perspective, Singapore: Singapore University Press, 1991 Kay, J, Foundations of Corporate Success: How Business Strategies add Value. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2003 Kotler, P, Marketing Management: Analysis, Planning and Control, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1984 Mills, G, Retail Pricing Strategies and Market Power. Melbourne University, Publishing, Melbourne, 2002 Yergin, D. J Stanislaw, The Commanding Heights, Simon and Schuster, New York, 2002 Footnotes J,F,Engle R D Blackwell, Consumer Behavior, New York: The Dryden Press, 1982, p. 45 P Kotler, Marketing Management: Analysis, Planning and Control, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1984, p. 122 MR Crask, â€Å"Segmenting the Vacationer Market: Identifying the Vacation Preferences, Demographics and Magazine Readership of Each Group†, Journal of Trav el Research, vol.20, no.2, 1981, p.31 EF Bryant AJ Morrison, â€Å"Travel market segmentation and the  implication of market strategies†, Journal of Travel Research, Vol.18, no.3, 1981, p. 4 Ibid., p. 2 Ibid., p. 3 Engle Blackwell,p. 34 AK Kau, WY Yeong D Richmond, A Delphi Study of Future Lifestyles and Consumption Patterns in Singapore, Center for Business Research and Development, National University of Singapore, 1993, p.5 Kau, et al, p.11 G Mills, Retail Pricing Strategies and Market Power. Melbourne University, Publishing, Melbourne, 2002, p. 102 Engle Blackwell, p. 75 I Doole, P Lancaster R Lowe, Understanding and Managing Customers, Prentice Hall, London, 2004, p. 221 D Yergin J Stanislaw, The Commanding Heights, Simon and Schuster, New York, 2002, p. 123 Ibid., p. 128 Mills, p. 44 J Kay, Foundations of Corporate Success: How Business Strategies Add Value. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2003, p. 113 Kau et al, p. 7 This essay on Marketing Management was written and submitted by user Deacon C. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

What are the aims of academic essays

What are the aims of academic essays The high number of academic studies aims have differences in meaning and priorities to each student. Accordingly the way to achieve personal aims is from student to student different. This essey will discuss important aims of academic studies. Firstly the assey will consider the aim of theories and certain known facts. Further the factor of skills improvement for a suitable job will be examined. The second paragraph will consider some conditions who are most important to achieve these aims. Especialy the motivational aspect of enjoying learning will be argued. To discover more about theories and certain known facts with the view of the futur profession is one of the most important aims of academic studies. The knowledge about theories and facts in your subject is the basis to become a professional. To understand what famous poeple thought about parts of your subject is important for your point of view. The university is the best place to improve the most important skills for your carrier. Here are all development potentialities that you need. To learn the skills for your future profession means micro and macro skills. Example: A medical doctor needs to know detailles facts about every tiny bone but he also need the knowledge of patients behaviour. Another fact is, that the value of intellectuell development is highest on the university. That means that the society in the university improves the climate of learning. To enjoy learning is the best motivation to achieve academic aims. Interest and abilitys are the basis of motivation. These are the initial requirements for academic success wich supports motivation too. Another eligibility criteria is to have realistic aims. Students who choose for example to much courses, could be frustrated after a view weeks, if they dont manage it. In conclusion it can be said that the varius aims of academic studie should be to prepair for a seccessfull carrier with all ski...

Cool Things to Do With Dry Ice - Chemistry

Cool Things to Do With Dry Ice - Chemistry Dry ice is the solid form of carbon dioxide. It is called dry ice because its frozen, yet never melts into a liquid. Dry ice sublimates or makes the transition directly from frozen solid into carbon dioxide gas. If you are lucky enough to get some dry ice, there are lot of projects you can try. Here are some of my favorite cool things to do with dry ice. Homemade Dry Ice - First you need dry ice, so if you dont have any, make it! Dry Ice Fog - The classic project is to put a chunk of dry ice in hot water, causing it to produce clouds of vapor or fog. Dry Ice Crystal Ball - Place a piece of dry ice in a bowl or cup containing bubble solution. Wet a towel with bubble solution and pull it across the lip of the bowl, trapping the carbon dioxide into a giant bubble that resembles a crystal ball. Frozen Bubble - Freeze a soap bubble over a piece of dry ice. The bubble will appear to float in the air over the dry ice. Fizzy Fruit - Freeze strawberries or other fruit using dry ice. Carbon dioxide bubbles become trapped in the fruit, making it fizzy and carbonated. Singing or Screaming Spoon - Press any metal object against a piece of dry ice and it will appear to sing or scream as it vibrates. Dry Ice Ice Cream - You can use dry ice to make instant ice cream. Because carbon dioxide gas is released, the resulting ice cream is bubbly and carb onated, sort of like an ice cream float. Dry Ice Bubbles - Place a piece of dry ice in bubble solution. Fog-filled bubbles will form. Popping them releases dry ice fog, which is a cool effect. Simulate a Comet - Simulate a comet using dry ice and a few other simple materials. It will even produce a tail like a real comet. Dry Ice Jack-o-Lantern - Make a cool Halloween jack-o-lantern that spews dry ice fog. Dry Ice Erupting Volcano Cake - While you cant eat dry ice, you can use it as a decoration for food. In this project, dry ice produces a volcanic eruption for a volcano cake. Dry Ice Bomb - Sealing dry ice into a container will cause it to burst. The safest version of this is to place a small piece of dry ice into a plastic film canister or potato chip can with a pop lid.Inflate a Balloon - Seal a small piece of dry ice inside a balloon. As the dry ice sublimates, the balloon will blow up. If you use too big a piece of dry ice, the balloon will pop!Inflate a Glove - Similarly, you can put a piece of dry ice into a latex or other plastic glove and tie it closed. The dry ice will inflate the glove. Dry ice is a lot of fun to play with, but it is very cold, plus there are other hazards associated with it. Before attempting a project involving dry ice, be sure you are aware of dry ice risks. Have fun and be safe! Dry Ice Facts | Dry Ice Science Fair Projects

Self-Esteem Brands and Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Self-Esteem Brands and Marketing - Essay Example Example, celebrity with healthy, beautiful tanned skin, advertises and promotes a skin cream, hinting that anybody's skin could look as beautiful if they use the cream. This of course is not true, as people with very bad skin could only hope to improve or hide their bad skin. So why not create and market a brand that gives true information to the consumer The hypothesis I would like to prove in my proposal is that the average person will more likely buy products and brands that are targeting their specific problems and concerns. My research will also show that consumers are much more informed and become antagonised when marketers under-rate their intelligence and try to prescribe what they should use, wear or look like. The underlying fact that will be proven is that customers in today's world wants to be recognised as individuals who have a choice and who are educated enough to understand what promotion and marketing strategies are untrue, superficial, threaten their individuality and questioning their intelligence. The method I will The method I will use to source my information will include surveys among 18 to 30 year old customer (men and woman) segment, with the main outcomes supported by literature information sourced from text books, journals, magazines and the internet. Due to time restriction, sampling will be restricted to 20 persons, striving to obtain an equal sample from men and woman. Introduction Self-Esteem marketing has become a hot topic highly debated by scholars and philosophers. It is within this context that my proposed research could be of great value within the fashion industry. Celebrity labels promotion and marketing may have a detrimental effect on the average customer's self-esteem. As some people may never be able to wear sexy outfits, or have nice teeth or a soft mark free skin. Yet many brands promote only perfect people, making the normal person in the street feel inferior, resulting in lowering of self-esteem. Some academics have argued that lower self-esteem leads to higher school drop out rates, lower changes of promotion in the work environment, and reduced changes for a long term relationship. This I see the main stream of fashion marketing and promotion bordering on the un-ethical and believe that "Self-Esteem Marketing" is a much more ethical approach that could be used to promote and market apparel that are better suited for the target customer segment. By meeting the unique fashion needs of a target group, it is possible to enhance their self esteem as this will show acceptance in a society. What makes different target groups unique can be seen as market niche opportunities for players in the fashion industry, which could increase sales and this the market share of companies implementing such a strategy. As an example, the marketing strategies towards Hispanics in the United States can be seen as

Personal health and safety at the construction site Essay

Personal health and safety at the construction site - Essay Example A high level of risk is inherent in the construction work. The heavy equipment, channels of electric supplies, and mechanical operations all make construction work very risky from the point of view of safety. Almost a third of all fatalities in the construction projects happen during the execution of a project (hes.gov.uk, n.d.). If the CDM coordination is not done appropriately, the finished structure might be unsafe for use and maintenance, and lack its potential to deliver good value for investment to the client. Ideally, the CDM coordinator is appointed while the project is in its conceptual stage before the completion of the initial design work of the project (hse.gov.uk, n.d.). This provides the CDM coordinators with an opportunity to decide the feasibility of the project and identify possible constraints related to client’s expectations and project’s execution. It is crucial to appoint a CDM coordinator before the commencement of the detailed design. The client h as to appoint a CDM coordinator when the duration of a project is more than 30 days or when the number of person days of work exceeds 500 (cdm-regulations-uk.co.uk, n.d.). This requirement also stands for the planning supervisor, though a CDM coordinator, unlike a planning supervisor, needs to help the client fulfill the duties, particularly the adequacy of arrangements of other duty holders. Before the appointment of a CDM coordinator, nothing more than the initial design work should be completed. The CDM coordinators that are appointed on the construction sites assume the responsibilities declared in the CDM 2007. These responsibilities include cooperating and coordinating with the organizations for the personnel’s health and safety benefits. The CDM coordinators need to ensure that their training is up-to-date and the work is done safely. They need complete briefing before doing work that is high in risk. The CDM coordinators should get appropriate certifications to do the work competently (newlifecleaning.com, n.d.). A CDM coordinator can provide a principal contractor with assistance in numerous aspects of health and safety including development and implementation of a documented plan and rules of the construction site, advice on the facilities of site security, evaluation of the appointees’ competence, and advice on the site induction training (SHERWOOD SURVEYORS, 2013). Evaluation of the duties and responsibilities of a CDM coordinator suggests that he assumes a major role in the entire project life-cycle starting from the concept of the project through to the feasibility studies, design, execution, monitoring and control, and the delivery of the project. As the name of this job suggests, the CDM coordinator ensures coordination between the design, construction, and management of the project. This includes all aspects that are directly or indirectly related to the work, such as management of health and safety of the personnel, protection o f environment, and flow of communication between the project parties. Analysis of these responsibilit

Characteristics of Romanticism Essay Example for Free

Characteristics of Romanticism Essay 1. Medievalism looking on the past to a simpler lifestyle (the good ole days). Written in the Close of Spring by Charlotte Smith 2. Orientalism (exotic locales) places that everyday people would not venture. Mystery emotional stimulus. 3. Primitivism belief that man was born inherently good. (Noble Savage writing by people of primitive cultures Africa, Native American) Society makes them bad. 4. Progress Romantics were not against progress but feared the effects on society. Man could create a better world without materialism. 5. Anti-intellectualism belief that everything is just not rational. The Tables Turned by William Wordsworth 6. Sentimentalism (emotions) very affected by what they see. Raw formality. 7. Humanitarism believed that all men were created equal and that you should help others. 8. Democracy supporters of the French revolution until it became violent. Agreed with the civil American revolution, used portage to fight for reform. 9. Originality New poetic formats and genres. 10. Diversity Authors wrote books and music, but did not write in one style. Mastered the art of writing. 11. Confessionalism art is a confession of the inner soul. Characters confess and express how they feel. 12. Purgative Purpose of Art authors believed their writings were cleansing their souls. Lines Composed a Few Miles away from Tintern Abbey by William Wordsworth 13. Protest and Dissent Original Protesters ills of society and the church. Not all authors of this era believed in this. Lines Written in Early Spring by William Wordsworth 14. A love of the wild and picturesque Nature is almost a character in novels. Nature inspires creativity. Pastoral Poesy by John Clare

Archetype of Hero in the Film Amazing Grace :: essays research papers

During the 18th century millions of men, women and children were taken from their homes in Africa and sold into slavery. Few survived the slave ships, and even fewer lived through their slave labors. Few people thought the slave trade was wrong, and to find one who had the courage to stand-up against it seemed impossible. Humanity needed a hero, someone who could establish equality. The movie Amazing Grace tells the account of an Englishman who gave his health and youth to end the slave trade. Like heroes of history and literature, William Wilberforce's story followed the archetype of a traditional hero. William Wilberforce was an example of a common mortal hero. He was a normal, completely realistic person, in that he stumbled many times and often emphasized his humanity by saying, ?Am I not a man After years of work without success he felt he had failed, but he still pressed forward. He possessed no extraordinary power or skill, but he rose to the occasion and changed the world. Not only was William one of the few who was disgusted by the slave trade, he was also one of the select few who had the courage to stand up against it. Someone once said, ?Courage does not consist in feeling no fear, but in conquering fear. He is the hero who seeing the lion on either side goes straight on, because there his duty lies.? William saw the lions?many of them, nevertheless he continued on because he knew it was his duty. William Wilberforce was an ordinary man, but he was able to overcome fear and be a hero. However, he would not have been able to do it without the help of many friends. Loyal companions have played a large role in many hero stories, and the story of William Wilberforce is not different. William Pitt, the Prime Minister, was William Wilberforce?s best friend. He was able to keep Wilberforce in good standing and also assisted in the eventual success of his bill which banned the slave trade. William Pitt also encouraged him to keep trying. After a race across the lawn William Pitt said, ?Why is it that you only feel the thorns in your feet when you stop running? You must keep going, fast.? William Pitt was one of the main reasons for his friend?s success. Without him, William Wilberforce would have quit, and even if he had continued trying he would never have been able to pass his bill.

Muslim Nationalism Essay

In the twentieth- century Muslim leaders in South Asia along with North Africa defined nationalism in different ways in their countries. Documents 3 and 4 demonstrate the path of looking for power and gaining power through nationalism. Documents 1 and 2 show how South Asia and Northern Africa tried solving problems and gaining more education through nationalistic beliefs. Lastly, documents 5 and 6 shows the Algerian motives to being nationalists. Muslim leaders used nationalism to gain power, solve internal problem, and gain more education. Using potential power as a motive for being nationalistic was an option. Muslims wanted to copy European ways in order to have more power and achieve independence(Doc 4). The Europeans had a strong army that went against many countries and won. For instance, the Muslims were witnesses of WW1. The Muslim states wanted to become as powerful as the Europeans, so they became nationalistic in order to do so. The Muslims in the Ottoman empire lasted through seeing the tactics and way of empowerment that the Europeans had. The Muslims from Egypt decided to mimic Europe while in India the leaders greatly dislikes the new people in power(Doc 3). Both Southern Asia and Northern Africa tried solving country issues and gain more education by basing themselves on a Nationalist state. In 1965 Egypt turned into a nationalist state in order to resolve conflicting associations within their people and land(Document 2). One of the main reasons Egypt used education as their excuse was to get closer to peace within their country. The level of rigor for education was boosted up to British levels education as a result of the Muslim look on Europe(Document 1). During 1880s Africa wanted to be unified and not have conflicts within and with other countries and regions. As seen in Document 5, Moufdi, a nationalistic, Algerian leader, believed in accepting people from other lands no matter where they were from. Algeria was religiously tolerant as well. As well as ,Ahmed Ben Bella, a military nationalist leader, spoke of how he wanted to point out the the contrasting relationship within Catholics and Muslims and not have it be a conflict anymore(Document 6). As a result of nationalism spreading throughout regions, Africa was being unified to be a more in sync continent. Muslim leaders used nationalism to gain power, solve internal problem, and gain more education. Places like South Asia and north Africa were growing internally and externally due to a change in nationalism. A helpful additional document could have been a letter from an opposing power to the nationalists and how the transformation of nations was affecting them.

Written task

This task will be related to Part 1: â€Å"Language in cultural context† specified in the topic of â€Å"Language and Identity' and how both (language and identity) are related to each other. In order to find the relation, the movie â€Å"The Freedom Writers† was studied. This film portrays the achievement of dreams, and how people living in the same place can express their language in different ways depending on their social and cultural history. The task was centered on how language is shaped by a cultural context, represented with a diary entry written from a character from the movie: Ben.He talks about his and his classmates' experiences with Miss Erin as a teacher and how her life changed together with their own, and how social differences interfere in their social relationship. This diary is separated into different sections according to what he lives every day, talking in present tense. Along the diary there are quotes from the teacher and the students, used to emphasize the main theme of this task: language and culture. Through those quotes the teacher showed code switching, trying to get to know her students by their own language.Ben tells his story his personal point of view and sometimes he compares the teacher's story to his own. Nowadays this is a big problem for some people who go to different countries and still don't adapt. That's why this was a good exercise for better understanding of the problem (cultural/social) and practice better writing. A diary entry was chosen for this task because it is interesting how the point of view from a certain character can change the way a general audience can think about a certain topic.The characteristics of the airy entries were to add different dates to each paragraph and write in first person. *Written task based on the movie â€Å"The Freedom Writers†- directed by Richard Laggardness- year 2007 Rationale words: 300 How my story begins to change Monday 1 2: This is my first diary ent ry, so I will talk a little about myself. I lived all my life in Los Angles, California. One day I had to move to Long Beach, California for family reasons. In Los Angles my teachers were very serious, formal and not so appealing with students.For some reason everyone thought we were educated, but the real taxation is that teachers mistreated us. Once I moved to Long beach everyone was different from me, not in the educational part, but in the physical and language aspect; I was white and everyone else black, I talk in a certain tone and they talk in a different one. They discriminated me for those differences and I wasn't able to defend myself, so instead I stayed quiet and ignorant. Suddenly my story began to change when Miss Erin arrived to school.I always saw something good about her; she wasn't like the other teachers; she seems educated, DOD looking and she was white. I didn't feel alone anymore around my classmates: someone was Just like me in the physical aspect. However, at the beginning I saw a strange attitude from her towards the class; she didn't understand us very well. I didn't know why, she did not look racist, but with time I was able to realize she didn't understand the way my classmates talked. I say â€Å"my classmates† because I do not feel I belong to them, not now.Tuesday 19th: Today, Miss Erin had chalk on her skirt and one of the boys of the class told her: do you want give me fries with that shake†. Everybody laughed very hard, she laughed a little so nobody notice she didn't understand the Joke, I knew she didn't understand what he meant by that phrase, because that used to happen to me too, in fact I still don't get them but I am used to those strange phrases. I realized that the misunderstanding was mutual, she didn't understand them and they didn't understand her since she used very professional words like: auxiliary, abrogate, acrimony etc.Nevertheless, she tried so hard to understand the class' engage and be part of them but her culture was too different from theirs, however I was able to realize something; she didn't want to learn the language Just to be updated, but because she cared about us and our education. Miss Campbell told Miss Erin we had to learn real discipline but how could she teach us discipline if she couldn't communicate verbally with us? Wednesday 20th: Today at class, Miss Erin started to imitate the way they talked, she told us: â€Å"My badness† when she tried to be nice with us, as a consequence everyone started laughing because it was mispronounced.Also she got mad sometimes with one of my classmates, so she had to punish him verbally in a way that he could understand her, by saying: â€Å"This is a buck you' to me and everyone in your class†. Either for worse or better she tried to communicate. I thought she was very brave to learn their language and face them in bad moments, it was certainly something that I would never do, I am too fearful. Friday 22nd: On this day Miss Erin told us she realized that the bad pronunciation and spelling mistakes came from their bad attitude, since they didn't care about their own education.She notices that they express that attitude through drawings (that I never was able to understand) it was like their language was expressed in a simple drawing. She saw one of the drawings my classmates did; it was a comic mocking one black boy of the class. That was the moment when Miss Erin explained to us the story of the holocaust; nobody in my class knew what it was, neither did l. She told us that this event of the past was related to discrimination Just like the type they were doing to this boy. She explained how important education was for us, the opportunity it eave us to; go to school, college, work etc.She sounded really sad and mad at the same time, because we were losing a chance that many people throw away. I felt happy in a certain way because finally there was a teacher who cared about us in a deepe r way. Right after that, she gave us some diaries where we could write, not only to write our feelings but also to improve our grammar. At the beginning, of course, nobody wanted to write because they weren't used to express their feelings and writing their daily life on a piece of paper. Personally, I was scared for someone to e my life, get to know my fears and use that evidence to mock me.Nevertheless, one girl in my class took the first diary, which leads to the rest of the class to pick one too. Monday 24th: Miss Erin, arrived to school with a big surprise; everyone started to write in their diaries, it was awesome how they started to care about their grammar and their attitude was instantly changed, they were happier, their grades began to rise; it seems like writing took away all their problems. I can talk by myself to; I'm not afraid anymore of my classmates and our cultural differences, in fact, now I have friends.However, Miss Erin still doesn't get the language; one day o ne boy told her: â€Å"No that don't fly ‘ma†. And she told him â€Å"I'm not your mom†. Of course everyone laughed, including me, but not mocking, instead, they told her that was a sign of respect. Now that two years have passed from the first time we saw Miss Erin, she has learned our language and we all make Jokes between each other. All this effort came from her, that's why I have to thank her for teaching us to be better persons with the rest of the people and most important, with ourselves. Task words: 1. 000